
ZIRCONIUM
Also known as:APT31 · Violet Typhoon
Overview
ZIRCONIUM is a threat group operating out of China, active since at least 2017, that has targeted individuals associated with the 2020 US presidential election and prominent leaders in the international affairs community.
Naming & attribution
ZIRCONIUM is tracked under 3 names across the industry. It uses 29 documented ATT&CK techniques — more than 64% of the 174 groups tracked here. Activity attributed since at least 2017.
| Name | First reported by |
|---|---|
| APT31 | Itkin, E. and Cohen, I |
| Violet Typhoon | Microsoft |
Distinctive techniques
Techniques this group uses that are rare across the other 173 tracked groups — these carry more signal than the near-universal ones.
T1665Hide Infrastructure — used by 2 of 174 groups
Closest groups by technique overlap
Computed from shared ATT&CK techniques. Overlap is not attribution — distinct actors converge on the same tradecraft — but a high share is a useful pivot.
- Winter Vivern Russia — 10 shared techniques (22% overlap)
- MuddyWater Iran — 17 shared techniques (21% overlap)
- LazyScripter — 8 shared techniques (20% overlap)
- Higaisa South Korea — 9 shared techniques (19% overlap)
- APT32 Vietnam — 16 shared techniques (18% overlap)
- Turla Russia — 15 shared techniques (18% overlap)
TTPs — 29 techniques across 11 tactics
Reconnaissance
T1598Phishing for InformationT1598.003Spearphishing Link
Resource Development
T1583.001DomainsT1583.006Web ServicesT1584.008Network Devices
Initial Access
T1566.002Spearphishing Link
Execution
T1059.003Windows Command ShellT1059.006PythonT1204.001Malicious Link
Persistence
T1547.001Registry Run Keys / Startup Folder
Privilege Escalation
Stealth
T1027.002Software PackingT1036MasqueradingT1036.004Masquerade Task or ServiceT1140Deobfuscate/Decode Files or InformationT1218.007Msiexec
Credential Access
T1555.003Credentials from Web Browsers
Discovery
Command and Control
T1090.003Multi-hop ProxyT1102.002Bidirectional CommunicationT1105Ingress Tool TransferT1573.001Symmetric CryptographyT1665Hide Infrastructure
Exfiltration
Reporting (3)
- How Microsoft names threat actors — Microsoft
- The Story of Jian – How APT31 Stole and Used an Unknown Equation Group 0-Day — Itkin, E. and Cohen, I
- New cyberattacks targeting U.S. elections — Burt, T